Introduction

Passerines, part of the Passeriformes order, are omnivores found in tropical zones except Antarctica. They have three toe arrangements and are characterized by their 7.5-117cm body length. Passerines are omnivores and pollinators, assisting in plant growth. There are approximately 313 species reported, with over 400 recorded in Pakistan. Urbanization, where natural and agronomic fields are converted into residential colonies, trading, and housing, is causing a reduction in passerine population. The growth rate of urbanization is expected to reach 70% by 2050, with increasing numbers in developing countries. Researchers have found that passerine domesticus have a brighter body mass in urbanized areas compared to rural conspecifics. Urbanization has significantly impacted the habitats and species diversity of passerine birds, a bird belonging to the order Passeriformes. This has led to habitat destruction, reduced reproductive success, increased stress levels, and competition between species. Urbanization affects the songbird population in two ways: directly by fluctuating habitats and ecosystem processes, and indirectly by disease organisms, predators, and competitors. Urbanized areas in forested North America support larger populations of bird species, while house wrens and white-eared ground sparrows forage in constructional areas. Environmental pollution, such as artificial light pollution, affects animal orientation, behavior, production, foraging communication, and migration. Urban waste, such as biomass, solid waste combustion, traffic vehicles, and heavy metal sources, also contribute to environmental pollution. Urbanization has led to a decline in the distribution and population status of avifauna worldwide, with passerine birds like the house sparrow experiencing a decline. 

Materials and Methods

Invariably almost similar observations were recorded for the remaining observations of the house crow in the morning and evening intervals of the day. There is no doubt that is house crow is one of the important bird pests of Pakistan which also plunders significant crops and is responsible for economic losses (Table 1a, b, Figure 1-5a, b). It is therefore, concluded that such biological rhythms of house crow and house sparrow were important to visualize per day for their assessment as voracious birds which can be troublesome to the sustainable agro-system. Work on the present study clearly demonstrated that urbanization was the trivial factor which has curtailed maximum activities of the birds. Ironically, Faisalabad which remains one of the important agricultural hub of the Central Punjab, has been suffering due to the massive influx of migratory patterns of the villagers to the city environments for the last several decades

Results and Discussion

According to some studies [55] who suggested that there were some important factors influenced in the reduction of house crow numbers in the urban habitat of the Malaysia. Of these, less trees, more residential colonies and roadside vehicles were pivotal. However, not always the numbers of trees were important to increase the house crow populations as other factors were also sequential. Undoubtedly, deteriorating ecological factors were the past various years and decades, present real challenges to the birds for their survival. Perhaps in the present environment with no urbanization number of such birds would be more as compare to the present status. As reported by [6,21]. However, flexibility of the foraging of house crow like other birds required territorial defense against the predatory birds to obtain the desirable food. The territory defense would be important [40,53] to survive on land for considerable period of time

In recent years, various scaffolds including synthetic or natural materials such as polylactides, polyglycolide, hyaluronic acid, collagen, and silk have been studied for articular cartilage tissue engineering [7]. In previous studies, a matrix derived from decellularized cartilage was used as a natural source for scaffolding in cartilage regeneration. This substrate was able to synthesize the extracellular matrix of cartilage by inhibiting the hypertrophic differentiation of embedded Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). The results also showed that the synthesized extracellular matrix could support the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into fibroblast and fibrochondrocyte phenotypes [8]. Hydrogels are another class of materials used as scaffolds in articular cartilage tissue engineering. These materials have received a lot of attention due to their injectability and ductility compatible with irregular defects of articular cartilage. On the other hand, due to the advent of 3D printing technology, achieving the right hydrogel can be a big step in the design and customization of graft implants in the repair of cartilage defects. In addition, in this technology, cells and growth factors can be included in the scaffold structure during synthesis [9]. In previous research has used synthetic polymers such as polycaprolactone and polylactic acid, as well as natural sources such as alginate and hyaluronan to create custom anatomical scaffolds for articular cartilage in 3D printers [10]. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels or smart hydrogels are a group of hydrogels in which a specific transition occurs due to small changes in the environment [11]. This group of hydrogels in response to various external physicochemical factors such as chemical stimuli [12], temperature changes [13], solvent type [14], pH [15], ionic strength [16], wavelength or light intensity [17] or electric fields and magnetically are sensitive [18].

The use of smart hydrogels in actuators, sensors, scaffolds, and drug delivery has received considerable attention because of their rapid response to environmental stimuli, which can cause significant changes. Designing scaffolds based on intelligent injection hydrogels with nanostructured properties and rapid response to stimuli can be an appropriate option to meet all the essential needs of cartilage regeneration [11]. One of the necessities of transferring the functional properties of native tissue to the product of tissue engineering is the design and production of scaffolds that can mimic the mechanical properties of native tissue. For example, studies have shown that polyethylene glycol and chondroitin sulfate-derived hydrogels produce structures with stiffness gradients (0.005-0.06 MPa) that can mimic the glycosaminoglycan gradient in articular cartilage [19].

References

. Akram N, Khan HA, Javed M. Inhibiting the house crow (Corvus splendens) damage on maize growth stages with reflecting ribbons in a farmland. J Anim Plant Sci. 2013; 23: 182-9. 2. Balaji S, Baskaran S, Pandiarajan J. Impact of urbanization on house sparrow population in Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2017; 5: 493- 497. 3. Balmori A, Hallberg O. The urban decline of house sparrow (Passer domesticus): a possible link with electromagnetic radiation. Electromagn Biol Med. 2007; 26: 141-51. 4. Barker FK, Barrowclough GF, Groth JG. A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data. Proc Biol Sci. 2002; 269: 295-308. 5. Bhatti Z, Nazir F, Ghufran A. A preliminary study on population of some Passeriformes at Marala Head. J Bioresour Manag. 2019; 4: 6-10. 6. Boggie MA, Mannan RW. Examining seasonal patterns of space use to gauge how an accipiter responds to urbanization. Landsc Urban Plan. 2014; 124: 34-42.

Abstract

Viral hepatitis is defined as a widespread infectious disease involving the inflammation of liver caused by hepatitis virus A, B, C, D and E. The majority of deaths linked to viral hepatitis are caused by HBV, HCV, and HDV, which are transmitted parenterally and induce chronic hepatitis with distant sequelae like liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer [1]. According to WHO latest estimates, viral hepatitis is now acknowledged as a serious public health problem in India with over 40 million people chronically infected with HBV and six to twelve million people with HCV. In a study dated in 2014 from Pune, it was shown that the sero-epidemiology of HAV in India was shifting, with the seroprevalence of the virus increasing from 30.3% in children between the ages of 18 months and 6 years to 50.3% underage group of 6 to 10 years. In addition, HEV epidemics are more prone to infect women in the third trimester than men and non-pregnant females [2].

Conclusion

In a nutshell, various strategies are adopted for the elimination of viral hepatitis. Ranging from implementation of immunization programs to establishing a National Action Plan under WHO, it can rectify the nooks and corners of its causation. However, it is necessary to enhance vaccination coverage, it is imperative to improve healthcare services in regions with low coverage, sensitize staff to counsel mothers during prenatal visits, optimize vaccine delivery, and train personnel to minimize wastage. Achieving the commitment to combat viral hepatitis requires sustained collaborative efforts among all stakeholders, including governments, healthcare providers, and communities.